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USDA Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service
Note: Click on thumbnail photos below for bigger pictures.
The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) is a highly destructive plant pest of foreign origin. It was first found in the United States in a nursery in southern New Jersey nearly 80 years ago. In its native Japan, where the beetle's natural enemies keep its populations in check, this insect is not a serious plant pest.
In the United States, however, the beetle entered without its natural enemies and found a favorable climate and an abundant food supply. By 1972, beetle infestations had been reported in 22 States east of the Mississippi River and also in Iowa and Missouri. Since then, the pest has continued to disperse south and west. Isolated infestations have been found in Wisconsin, Oregon, and California. Without its natural checks and balances, the Japanese beetle has become a serious plant pest and a threat to American agriculture.
This map shows the parts of the United States
currently
infested by Japanese beetles.
Both as adults and as grubs (the larval stage), Japanese beetles are destructive plant pests. Adults feed on the foliage and fruits of several hundred species of fruit trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, and field and vegetable crops. Adults leave behind skeletonized leaves and large, irregular holes in leaves. The grubs develop in the soil, feeding on the roots of various plants and grasses and often destroying turf in lawns, parks, golf courses, and pastures.
Today, the Japanese beetle is the most widespread turf-grass pest in the United States. Efforts to control the larval and adult stages are estimated to cost more than $460 million a year. Losses attributable to the larval stage alone have been estimated at $234 million per year--$78 million for control costs and an additional $156 million for replacement of damaged turf.
During the feeding period, females intermittently leave plants, burrow about 3 inches into the ground--usually into turf--and lay a few eggs. This cycle is repeated until the female lays 40 to 60 eggs.
By midsummer, the eggs hatch, and the young grubs begin to feed. Each grub is about an inch long when fully grown and lies in a curled position. In late autumn, the grubs burrow 4 to 8 inches into the soil and remain inactive all winter. This insect spends about 10 months of the year in the ground in the larval stage.
In early spring, the grubs return to the turf and continue to feed on roots until late spring, when they change into pupae. In about 2 weeks, the pupae become adult beetles and emerge from the ground. This life cycle takes a year.
 |  |  |  |
| The Japanese beetle adult--an attractive pest. |
A typical cluster of Japanese beetle eggs. |
Japanese beetle larva. |
Japanese beetle pupa. |
The Japanese beetle life
cycle
No quick fixes can rid homeowners of the Japanese beetle once it becomes established. However, scientists with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural Research Service and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service have developed an integrated pest management (IPM) program for homeowners based on field experiences. The program combines biological, cultural, and chemical strategies. It will be effective if homeowners are willing to monitor both adult and larval beetle populations closely and implement this program with neighbors and their local agricultural or horticultural organizations.
IPM uses biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical controls to keep pest populations below levels that cause economic damage. And, because tolerance to the presence of insect pests varies among individuals, the choice of methods will reflect the management objectives and control philosophy of the user. Components of an IPM program for any pest include survey, problem delineation and selection of control methods, application of controls, and evaluation of their success.
Traps for adult beetles operate primarily with two chemical lures. A combination of a pheromone, or sex attractant, and a floral lure attract both male and female adult beetles to the trap. Then, as a result of their clumsy flying and the design of the trap, they end up caught in either the bag or funnel portion of the trap.
Japanese beetle traps can be used to assess the beetle population in a given area. For instance, if you put a trap out while the adults are flying and find that beetles fill the trap in 1 day, you probably have a Japanese beetle problem. If, during a week, the bottom of the trap is barely filled, you probably do not need to be concerned. Adult beetles can fly long distances, so those caught in your yard may have come from up to a mile away. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the number of grubs in your turf from adult trap catches.
To survey for grubs, you need to calculate the number of Japanese beetle grubs per square foot in your lawn. This estimate is important for deciding the severity of your white-grub problem and whether treatment is necessary.
Japanese beetle grubs can be sampled in late summer (August to October) and late spring (April to June). Timing will vary by geographic location.
If your lawn has brown or dead areas, survey near the edge of the damage. If you find that grubs are the cause of the damage, clearly this area should be treated. Otherwise, take several randomly selected samples throughout the lawn. The density of Japanese beetle grubs often varies widely within a small area, so by taking several samples, you may be able to pinpoint the damage and therefore selectively treat specific areas rather than the whole lawn.
Using a shovel, dig a square hole 8 by 8 by 3 inches deep in the turf. Turn the sod over on some newspaper and search the grass roots and the soil in the hole for grubs. Turn the turf back into the hole and add water to help the grass recover. Record the number of grubs found in the sample location so you can map out or average grub densities. To convert these numbers to the number of grubs per square foot, multiply them by 2.25. Generally, you should consider treating areas in your lawn with more than 10 grubs/square foot.
Chemical Controls
Homeowners who decide to use chemical methods in an IPM
approach to Japanese beetle management should base their decision
on several factors. Choosing what pesticide to apply and when to
apply it comes down to a value judgment for the individual.
First, you must assess the risks and benefits of pesticide use.
Correct timing and application are probably the most essential
elements for success with pesticide applications. Because
pesticides are toxic materials, users must read and follow label directions exactly!
Each State has its own agricultural chemicals handbook, updated yearly for appropriate control recommendations. The following chemicals are effective for use in the control of the Japanese beetle adult and its grubs:
These lists do not include all materials registered for Japanese beetle control. For further details regarding chemical controls, consult your local Cooperative Extension Service. Before using any of these chemicals, check the label for particular formulations registered for Japanese beetles, read the entire label, and carefully follow application instructions regarding dosage and rate.
Homeowners who choose biological methods to control Japanese beetle populations can successfully use parasites, nematodes, fungi, or other biologically based approaches. Some of these agents are commercially available to homeowners; others are not. While they take a little longer to produce the same results as insecticides, biological control agents last longer in the environment. More importantly, they do not adversely affect nontarget or potentially beneficial organisms.
A dissected Japanese beetle larva showing later stages
of
the Heterorhabditis bacteriophora nematode.
Nematodes--Insect-eating nematodes--microscopic parasitic roundworms--actively seek out grubs in the soil. These nematodes have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with a single species of bacteria. Upon penetrating a grub, the nematode inoculates the grub with the bacteria. The bacteria reproduce quickly, feeding on the grub tissue. The nematode then feeds on this bacteria and progresses through its own life cycle, reproducing and ultimately killing the grub.
The two nematodes that are most effective against Japanese beetle grubs are Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The latter is commercially available.
When using nematodes, remember they are alive and have a fairly high oxygen requirement. They are typically sold on a carrier, which they can survive on for a month or 2 under cool conditions. They can be applied with any standard insecticide applicator. Once mixed with water, nematodes must be applied fairly quickly. Follow accompanying directions carefully for best results.
Nematodes may be purchased in lawn and garden shops or through biological mail-order catalogs.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)--Bt is a naturally occurring soil bacterium typically used as a microbial insecticide. The Bt strain registered for the Japanese beetle is for use on the grub stage only. Bt is a stomach poison and must be ingested to be effective. Apply it to the soil as you would insecticides. Effectiveness is similar to that of insecticides. Check with your extension agent regarding the availability of Bt.
Milky Spore--Milky spore is the common name for spores of the bacterium Bacillus popillae. This bacterium was first registered for use on turf in suppression of the Japanese beetle grub in the United States in 1948.
Upon ingestion, these spores germinate in the grub's gut, infect the gut cells, and enter the blood, where they multiply. The buildup of the spores in the blood causes the grub to take on a characteristic milky appearance.
Milky spore disease builds up in turf slowly (over 2-4 years) as grubs ingest the spores, become infected, and die, each releasing 1-2 billion spores back into the soil. Milky spore disease can suppress the development of large beetle populations. But it works best when applied in community-wide treatment programs. Check with your extension agent regarding the availability of milky spore material.
Parasites--Releasing natural enemies or parasites of an exotic insect is a successfully proven method to reduce pest populations. Introduced parasites must be shown to be host specific (that is, to parasitize only the target pest) before USDA approves releasing them. Two such parasites of the Japanese beetle have been brought to the United States from Asia. Researchers have successfully established these insects in areas inhabited by the Japanese beetle, and the parasites are now functioning as important biological control agents of the beetle.
Tiphia vernalis, a parasite of the Japanese beetle grub, and Istocheta aldrichi, a parasite of the adult, have been shown to be important in regulating the population dynamics of the beetle in the Northeastern United States.
These parasites are not yet commercially available; however, you can contact your local extension agent to see if they are established in your area. If they are, planting the appropriate food plants will attract these parasites and increase the rates of parasitization, and thus help control the Japanese beetle on your property.
Tiphia vernalis--This small, parasitic wasp of Japanese beetle grubs resembles a large, black, winged ant. Its current distribution is believed to be throughout the Northeastern United States and south to North Carolina.
After a brief period of feeding and mating during the spring, the female wasp digs into the soil, paralyzes a beetle grub by stinging, and then deposits an egg on the grub. When the egg hatches, the emerging wasp larva consumes the grub.
Food sources: Adult wasps of this species feed almost exclusively on the honeydew of aphids associated with the leaves of maple, cherry, and elm trees and peonies. In North Carolina, the nectar of tulip poplars has been found to be an important food source for the adult wasps.
Istocheta aldrichi--This solitary fly is an internal parasite of the adult Japanese beetle. The female flies are capable of depositing up to 100 eggs during a period of about 2 weeks. The eggs are usually laid on the thorax of the female beetles. Upon hatching, the maggot bores directly into the beetle's body cavity, killing the beetle.
Because it does not take this fly long to kill the beetle, I. aldrichi can suppress Japanese beetle populations before beetles can reproduce.
Food sources: I. aldrichi is commonly seen feeding on aphid nectar deposited on Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), a persistent perennial weed native to Japan.
Habitat Manipulation--Sometimes people can suppress the population of pest insects by making the habitat less suitable for them. Cultural methods typically employed in the control of the Japanese beetle include planting resistant plant species and using mechanical traps designed to attract and trap the adult beetles.
Diseased and poorly nourished trees and plants are especially susceptible to attack by beetles. Therefore, keep your trees and plants healthy. Also, prematurely ripening or diseased fruit is very attractive to beetles. Remove this fruit from the trees and the ground. The odor of such fruit will attract beetles, which are then in a position to attack sound fruit.
Although the Japanese beetle feeds on almost 300 species of plants, it feeds sparingly or not at all on many cultivated plants. The various kinds of plants on your property can significantly influence the susceptibility of your property and plants to Japanese beetle damage. Having a well-dispersed mixture that favors nonpreferred species can reduce the level of beetle-caused damage.
|
Plants Resistant to Adult Japanese Beetle Feeding |
Plants Susceptible to Adult Japanese Beetle Feeding |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary: | Primary: | ||
| 1. Magnolia | Magnolia sp. | 1. American linden | Tilia americana |
| 2. Redbud | Cercis sp. | 2. Crabapple | Malus sp. |
| 3. Dogwood | Cornus sp. | 3. Apple | Malus sp. |
| 4. Red maple | Acer rubrum | 4. Japanese maple | Acer palmatum |
| 5. Northern red oak | Quercus rubrum | 5. Norway maple | Acer platanoides |
| 6. Burning bush | Euonymus alatus | 6. Rose | Rosa sp. |
| 7. Holly | Ilex sp. | 7. Crape myrtle | Lagerstroemia sp. |
| 8. Boxwood | Buxus sp. | 8. Pin oak | Quercus palustris |
| 9. Hemlock | Tsuga sp. | 9. Birch | Betula sp. |
| 10. Ash | Fraxinus sp. | 10. Plum,
Apricot, Cherry, Peach | Prunus spp. |
| Secondary: | Secondary: | ||
| 1. False cypress | Chamaecyparis sp. | 1. Black walnut | Juglans nigra |
| 2. Yew | Taxus sp. | 2. Willow | Salix sp. |
| 3. Juniper | Juniperus sp. | 3. Grape | Vitis sp. |
| 4. Arborvitae | Thuja sp. | 4. Horsechestnut | Aesculus hippocastanum |
| 5. Spruce | Picea sp. | 5. Althea | Althea sp. |
| 6. Pine | Pinus sp. | 6. Asparagus | Asparagus officinalis |
| 7. Forsythia | Forsythia sp. | 7. Highbush blueberry | Vaccinium corymbosum | 8. Lilac | Syringa sp. | 8. Sassafras | Sassafras albidium |
| 9. Clematis | Clematis sp. | 9. Virginia creeper | Parthenocissus quinquefolia |
| 10. Sweetgum | Liquidambar styraciflua | 10. Summersweet | Clethra sp. |
Homeowners who choose to give the mechanical traps and lures a try as part of their IPM program can typically find them at yard and garden centers.
Traps should not stay in place year 'round because the lures inside get stale. Trap placement should be timed to coincide with the emergence of adult Japanese beetles in your area. Adults generally emerge between early June and late August. Check with your extension agent for information of the Japanese beetle flight period in your area.
Many popular flowers, like
this petunia,
are subject to Japanese beetle
depredation.
This publication discusses the use of
pesticides. All uses of pesticides must be registered by
appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be
recommended.
CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic
animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlifeşif they are
not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively
and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of
surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Return to text.
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